Behold the tramway, master of mountains! On gargantuan latticework towers formed by hammer and fire we have strung steel, spun fine as gossamer! We have taunted the gods, and forged a path to their exalted dwelling place!
Symphony in the sky
Upgrading Europe's highest transport system
A Leitner/Pininfarina Symphony cabin was unveiled at Innsbruck’s Interalpin ski show, but a whole convoy of them will soon be making their way to what is perhaps the world’s most iconic tram station — the Klein Matterhorn in Zermatt, Switzerland. The 25 cabins on a new cableway will deliver 2000 skiers an hour to the 4000+ metre station, which offers access to year-round glacier skiing and the most stunning views in all of the ski world. The elegant cabins join a host of other amenities in the surrounding ski area, from Michelin-starred rustic mountain restaurants to all-day Champagne-party sundecks. It will also offer easy access to the Italian side of the mountain, home of the less-posh Breuil-Cervinia resort, which promises Italian hospitality without a whiff of high Italian design. —DKG
And now that we’ve done that, let’s everybody load up into this shipping container for a ride to the café.
For all the breathtaking engineering that goes into building a mountain tramway, the tram cabin itself seems to be something of an afterthought. There are good reasons for this, most of them in the realm of strength and durability, and a few in the realm of motion sickness. On smaller gondola cars — the six- to eight-seaters — there have been some attempts at upgrades, including heated leather seats and Bose sound systems at China’s Yabuli resort, a one-off working sauna-in-the-sky at Finland’s Ylläs, and the BWM-inspired sky limo at Austria’s Hochzillertal, but there is no reason for a large tram cabin to be any more glamorous than a subway car.
But design legends Pininfarina are bringing some glam to the tram, in a partnership with manufacturer Leitner Ropeways, the same company responsible for that Bimmer gondola. The “Symphony” finally rethinks the tram cabin, providing strength through the joining of two shells, rather than through traditional box construction. This allows for bigger doorways, bigger windows, and a more efficient layout for its 28 seated passengers (an additional 7 can stand).
Leitner Symphony by Pininfarina
The seam between those shells — like the red stripe of stitching around a baseball — houses LED exterior lighting, and integrates the bumper and the vents for a more streamlined look. Inside, there’s a more efficient climate control so those big windows don’t fog up, discreet and hue-tunable LED lighting, and even hidden speakers.
Pininfarina’s Symphony is the harbinger of a trend. When the global quest for outdoor experiences intersects with growing global wealth, it overlaps at ski resorts, and that means more upscale design in the uphill conveyances. We just hope the cabins they don’t become so lavish that passengers forget to look out the windows.
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Before a special night out, a glamorous Parisienne might treat herself to un brushing, at which her hair will be blow-dried and styled. In Moscow, would-be clubbers must first make it past feyskontrol (‘face control’), to ensure that only the beautiful people come in. And those Berliners who just can’t let the party end can carry on at eine Afterhour until well after the sun comes up.
These words – brushing, feyskontrol, Afterhour –seem odd to English ears. We recognise them, sort of, but we’d never use them ourselves – not in those ways, at least. They are borrowed from English but their meanings are new and different; linguists call them pseudo-anglicisms. Sometimes they are English words used to mean something else, other times they are combinations that native speakers find plain weird. Occasionally they’ve been made up to sound like English, but have nothing to do with the language of Shakespeare at all.
Hungarians call jeans ‘farmer pants’
Foreign languages are full of pseudo-anglicisms. The Danish for a carrycot is babylift, Hungarians call jeans farmer pants and the Japaneseofisuredii (‘office lady’) describes a female desk worker. A comment on a blog or a website is called a tokbek (‘talk back’) in Hebrew. Skateboarding and frisbee are Funsports in German.
The word ofisuredii comes from the Japanese pronunciation of ‘office lady’ and refers to a female desk worker (Credit: Alamy)
Howard Moss, who teaches Italian at the University of Swansea and has studied pseudo-anglicisms, says that “often the term starts in the foreign language in the same way as English, and then it sort of shifts.” A good example of this, he says, is the Italian word for the joker in a pack of cards, il jolly. “In the 19th Century, the English word for this was ‘the jolly joker’,” he explains. Somewhere along the way the Italians dropped the second part and English speakers dropped the first.
An Italian purveyor of adult entertainments is a ‘sexy shop’
Or take the example of an express train, which can be described as running no-stop, from the English ‘non-stop’. “You know what it means, clearly, but it’s being used slightly differently,” says Moss. There are plenty more colourful ones in Italian. A speed camera is known colloquially as a tutor. (Put your foot down too much on theAutostrada, and you’ll certainly learn a lesson.) Hiring temporary staff in the IT sector is calledbody rental. A purveyor of adult entertainments is a sexy shop.
Creeping menace
These are all good fun – but for some people, the creep of English words into foreign languages is a serious business and cause for concern, whether those words mean the same thing in English or not. In France the Académie Française is an important body in public life. It is the final arbiter of the language and a watchdog against its abuse. It issues warnings and edicts against anglicisms for which perfectly good French words exist, and lately its website has cautioned against fan zone and listing – though it acceptsbuilding for skyscraper and Browning for handgun as legitimate French words of English origin.
I don’t think most people actually realise which are pseudo-anglicisms and which are real anglicisms – Oliver Baer
The Association for the German Language campaigns against the use of English words in German, which Oliver Baer from the organisation says are “needlessly flooding the language”. Although he concedes that the total number of loanwords in German is actually relatively small, he remains perturbed. “One could say all right, they’re negligible. But on the other hand you find people who use anglicisms to the degree of 30 or 40 per cent of their spoken words. Then it doesn’t only sound silly, it’s embarrassing and it’s actually damaging.” To stop their spread, the Association provides an online tool which provides more Germanic alternatives. It suggests you give Funsports a miss and use Erlebnissportsinstead.
Der Oldtimer is a German word for a classic or vintage car (Credit: Alamy)
But does it matter if these so-called English words don’t exist in English at all? Baer doesn’t believe so. “I don’t think most people actually realise which are pseudo-anglicisms and which are real anglicisms,” he says. “But anybody who does know is particularly embarrassed.” He gives the example of a vintage car, which most Germans call an Oldtimer. “It’s awful!” he says. “People don’t distinguish. They’re not aware that ‘old timer’ is a word you don’t use in English in that context at all.”
There are no double entendres in France
It’s easy to snigger at foreigners and their funny, not-quite-English words – but how many of us realise that our own language contains plenty of the same thing the other way around? Howard Moss points out that “if you ask for a latte in Italy, you’ll get a glass of milk.” Likewise, “paninimeans bread rolls in Italian and in its singular form is panino.” So when we ask for ‘two paninis please’, it’s like an Italian requesting ‘due rollsi’.
Americans call the main course of their meal the entrée, but in French l’entrée means ‘the entrance’, so it should probably describe the first. And when the British respond to a risqué joke with ‘ooh la la’ there’s a sauciness implied that just isn’t there in the original French words,risqué meaning ‘risked’ (a verb, not an adjective) and oh là là a great many things from ‘wow’ to ‘oh dear’, none of them very sexy. (There are no double entendres in France, where the phrase does not exist or make sense.)
As English speakers we don’t generally know where our words come from, and probably care even less. It’s easy to be relaxed when yours is the language the rest of the world learns to get ahead. But the fact is that all of us are borrowing from each other, mixing and matching, repurposing for our needs and sometimes getting it a bit wrong. That’s just how language works.
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"It's a monumental step forward, that addresses the needs of individual nations but it will give us the opportunity to reduce the warming of the planet by an entire half a degree centigrade," he told BBC News.
The new agreement will see three separate pathways for different countries.
Richer economies like the European Union, the US and others will start to limit their use of HFCs within a few years and make a cut of at least 10% from 2019.
Some developing countries like China, nations in Latin America and island states will freeze their use of HFCs from 2024.
Other developing countries, specifically India, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq and the Gulf states will not freeze their use until 2028.
China, the world's largest producer of HFCs, will not actually start to cut their production or use until 2029.
Image captionAir conditioning units were needed at the conference in Kigali as negotiations dragged into the night
India, will start even later, making its first 10% cut in use in 2032.
"Absolutely it's a historic day," said Durwood Zaelke, from the Institute for Government and Sustainable Development (IGSD), a long time participant in the Montreal Protocol talks.
"We came to get a half a degree of warming out of the system and we are going to walk away with about 90% from the Kigali amendment."
Buying time
Certainly if the agreement is implemented in full it will make a big difference to global warming. Experts estimate it will remove the equivalent of about 70 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by 2050.
"HFCs posed an immediate threat to a safe climate due to their increasing use and high global warming potential, thousands of times more potent than carbon dioxide," said Christian Aid's Senior Policy Advisor, Benson Ireri.
"By agreeing to an early HFC phase down schedule, we've bought ourselves a bit more time to shift to a global low carbon economy and protect the world's most vulnerable people."
Image copyrightGETTY IMAGESImage captionThe deal will mean that new refrigerators will use less harmful cooling gases in the future
But some observers questioned the concessions made to India and China, suggesting they had weakened the overall impact. The target of cutting global warming by 0.5 degrees may not be realised.
"They needed an agreement here as it's seen as an Obama legacy, so the US delegation has been pretty aggressive in making China and India get to an agreement," said Paula Tejon Carbajal from Greenpeace International.
"It's an incremental step towards 0.5 degrees but its not there yet, they say that the market will work to get us there, but we are not there yet."
The US Secretary of State believes that the science underpinning the deal is sound. He is confident that it will have a huge impact on warming.
"I feel very positive about where we are, we ran all the numbers and everybody feels confident that the integrity of the substance of this is there," he told the BBC.
Supporters argue that this agreement in Kigali will build on the foundations laid by the Paris climate agreement, signed by over 190 countries last December, and which becomes operational early in November.
They also point to the past history of the Montreal Protocol - over 100 fluorinated gases have been eliminated in the agreement's 30 year history. Once the regulation has been passed, industry rapidly develops alternatives.
"The market is going to wash over India, and will sweep them along, they will make the transition a lot faster than the number they put up," said Durwood Zaelke.
"Phase-outs have always driven the market transition so the laggards will be moved along by the market."
There was a sense of quiet jubilation among delegates here when the deal was finally gavelled through in the early hours of Saturday morning.
'It's a big deal," one observer said, "but it could have been bigger."